Time is not a continuous thing it is discrete. Time is a collection of moments. We have passed certain number of moments from the first moment of the creation of Universe (say Np)

The universe is finite. It consists of a finite no of separate entities each entity is either a particle which velocity <c (speed Of light) of a photon [ !! What about a phonon energy in sound]. If the total no of particles in universe is Nu then the total no of events (or moments) that can take place is !Nu

Consider the universe consisting of only one particle, then no events can take place and time is still. Take two particle universe only two events can take place.

(1) Two particles are together

(2) they are not together [when they are together since only two particles exist how far they are apart cannot be verified and is irrelevant]

Of course the two particle can come together and get apart continuously But it is repeating History again and again i.e. something like time going back. Starting all over again !!!

The reason we think there are infinite moments between two moments is because we think this type of repetitions give deferent moments is so with Nu particles we may (still May) have infinite moments which not correct because history repeating.

Three particle [each partially can be identified separately } 6 events 4--> 24 and soon N -->!N

Two particles are together can be

(1) elementary particles get together to create a new one or two etc.

(2) electron connected to proton in and atom at a certain state.

Therefore Np < ! Nu. When the moments reach Np = !Nu it will be a start of a new bib bang. Or Np = !Nu man never be . i.e. always Np < ! Nu if universe keeps expanding then there can be Np = Nlast where Nlast is the last interaction between two particles.

Also new big bang can happen with Np < ! Nu.

Take the case where 3 particles at, get together to create 2 particles state B, state A is one moment and state B is the next moment.

In creation of universe where the first event ever occurred is exploding one particle to many symmetric particles (explaining the uniformity of then universe). Then event 2 was breaking of any one of those particles and event 3 is breaking of another of those particles and so on.

Consider an independent space where there are N particles and that no outside influence is imparted on it. It is possible that !N number of moments are possible to takes place. Say after N1 < ! N moments the original state was repeated then this will be the start of exactly the same cycle of moments since no outside influence was brought in. Only internal forces led to result the beginning of the next cycle. Any one inside cannot tell the difference between different cycles to them each one is exactly same. Time repeated or gone back tin time !!!

Distance:-

The concept of distance also depends on moments , only events can take place.[Any way try to define distance] Take for instance special Relativity co-ordinate system distance and time leads to an event ---If there is no time how can we define distance.

Distance There is no such thing as distance only events can take place [ Any way try to definite distance]

..

x = -k x2 -----------

Define this as a basis a perfect simple harmonic oscillator each cycle will have similar no of universal events. Use this to define time:-

A finite or infinite no of sine waves can represent any shape of a wave.

Use this to define or explain any motion. i.e. all universal motions can be represented by simple harmonic oscillators !!!

* the slowest oscillator is the movement of big bang of the universe.

* fastest the heaviest particle that exists

A particle is an oscillator creation of the universe and the end of it is also an oscillator

Inside big oscillations lot of small oscillations can take place. Presence of a particle at a moment is an event in the universe. Only one particle can be present at a single universal moment.

Each cycle of a simple harmonic oscillator will have the same number of universal events.

But intensity of no of events happening in a cycle will change and take the form of velocity in an oscillator. There will be two types of events when an oscillator is concerned one is the local events that occur inside the oscillator and the second all other universal events.

Take for example an oscillator say slow oscillator and another one fast oscillator, which oscillate ten times more rapidly. The number of big local events will be different for each small oscillation Distance can be visualised as the difference between the slow occurrence events and the fast occurrence events. Velocity in the normal nature may be very difficult to give in these basic elements. Velocity of a moving particle will be a result of many oscillators.

Problem of uncertancy principal and matter wave:-

These oscillators will be governed by four basic forces gravitation electromagnetism week and strong interactions. But what about the unpredictability of moving particles caused by the uncertancy principal this uncertancy is proportional to the velocity .

In Special Relativity Speed of light is constant. If we consider photons as oscillators they are singular oscillators with one frequency. But in solid matter when their movements are considered as waves they are not single oscillators. These are a mixture of oscillators, which will give us relative motion.

String of Events, there are lot of events where we can say happen after some other event e.g. open a tap water flows but not the other way round. But there are no simultaneous events.

Oscillators If three are 1 sec oscillators Nu in the universe then each one will start one after the other and end one after another.

(1) Each oscillator will be going through a set of events repeatedly.

(2) If we take the start of A as the first universal event the next universal is event is start B. And all events of B will be the next event following A.

It is not correct to assume universal events between 1st and 2nd oscillator events are equal to that of between 2nd and 3rd . But with the concept of time it is assumed that equal time lapses between 1st and 2nd events and 2^nd & 3^rd events .

Events happening The number of events that happen in the universe depends on the number of items in the universe. If there exists uniform distribution in the universe then there should be uniform distribution in the events. If the universe was bisected from the point of origin then the probability is one event happens in one side then next event happens in the other side. Similarly if broken into uniform sections then events one after another will happen in each section.

Time Dilation Consider two identical sets of particles say at rest. Then one set starts to move at uniform speed. Then the number of events that takes place in the moving set will start reducing as the speed increases and at speed of light it will stop altogether.

The reasons for this phenomena can be

(1) the number of particles reduced

(2) the movements reduced

(1) cannot happen because it violates conservation principle.

(2) cannot happen if time is discrete, therefore time dilation phenomena leads to a contradiction.

Distance is a human concept created by our brain to communicate with our surroundings.

Three-dimensional world is not the real world but a one we have created. The problem with particles and waves is caused by our view of this three dimensional world. This can be boiled down to a problem between three-dimensional Cartesian co-ordinates and polar co-ordinates.

These are not compatible. Anyway there is always a problem in relating the circles and lines for instance we need pi to relate it. Waves travel in circles but particles travel in lines.

The wave effect of travailing particles can be considered as a force like magnetism for electricity gravitational magnetism for gravitation. The reason to identify it in such a way is when a travelling particle encounters a barrier it behaves like a wave i.e. it's travelling path is altered

each point of the barrier will act on the particle wave the action will be imparted at the time when the barrier is directly perpendicular to the path of the particle.

It speaks of simultaneous events that happen in two frames. But in reality this won't happen because each event is independent. An event of emitting a photon (a light signal - bundle of photons in relativity, take it to be a laser beam). and also the subsequent event of capturing the photon and recognising that some event took place to emit that photon. Another thing is that two photons cannot be captured at once or in other words it is not possible to have a single indicator to register the receipt of two photons. Then how is it possible to know that two events took place at two places and they emitted two photons at once and they are captured at another place at another moment?

 The following picture explains how a laser beam source, at point A, is exposed by moving up an aperture. If the laser is thought to be consisting of waves part by part of it will be exposed. At point B the signal will be received part by part. Therefore thinking of instants where a light signal was emitted and received is not true. Instead of a bundle we cannot perceive a single light wave. The reason is if we detect it at the start there will be no wave to receive at the end and if we received the wave at the end we cannot speak of a start. If we treat the light waves as particles the same problem will be encountered.

If the universe is finite then the energy of the whole universe is finite then if the whole universe is a particle that frequency is the maximum frequency. (May be like the absolute zero temperature.)This also supports the theory of digital time.

Repetitive events consist of simple harmonic oscillators. That is within a simple harmonic oscillator their exists at least one other simple harmonic oscillators. That has the repetitive events. Then what is the smallest oscillator? it will be the one of the highest frequency.

This experiment was performed to detect the velocity of the earth relative to the fixed ether. Light particles was used to do this. Now the light particles behave like waves and the waves are used to do the experiment. Because of the dual nature (wave and particle) of the light and because of conservation of energy principle it can be proved the velocity of light (to that matter any moving thing when dual nature is present) is a constant. Take for instance a photon when it travels it shows the wave properties but when it is emitted and detected it shows particle properties, so to conserve energy it will have to travel at a constant velocity in all directions or it can get lost in space violating the energy conservation law. Note velocity of light is not a constant when it travels in a medium other than space it travels at a lesser velocity. But in optically not isotropic crystalline solids the light wave is not spherical but ellipsoidal. Here the wave travels at different speeds at different directions. But this happens inside a medium. Even MICHELSON'S experiment is not constant when inside a medium ( Fizeau's experiment). Inside a medium it is different from vacuum inside a medium the charged particles take over the process of transmitting the wave. Another aspect is that the photons can be imparted with angular momentum. In double refraction the phase difference of e-ray and o-ray causes this.

Can time be a particle. Each particle has an energy associated with it. This energy is associated with a frequency which is the inverse of time. Or is it a field? Time is a concept which is localised i.e. it affects to a particular area. If you are far away from something the passage of time of that place is something you have to assume and cannot feel in reality. So the effect of time melts with distance. This aspect is seen in fields ! .

Two events happening at two places cannot be deduced as simultaneous events. The reason is that two points cannot communicate 100% accurately. The paradox of a single electron going through two holes at once to create a diffraction pattern can be explained by assuming that there are no simultaneous events. Event 1 the electron starts at one place Event 2 it arrives at the destination the diffraction pattern. There are no events for the electron to go through one hole at one time and the next hole at another time. Or for it to go simultaneously through both holes at once. The reason is if there was such an event, and detected, then it will not arrive at the diffraction pattern. True that the electron arriving at the diffraction pattern has gone through or interacted with the two holes existed, but it cannot be assumed that there exsiststed any events between Event 1 and Event 2.

Can we measure uniform velocity. No, uniform velocity is when a particle travels equal distances at equal times. To measure equal times we will have to use a simple harmonic oscillator, we have to use simultaneity principal to measure it. This cannot be done. Therefore there can not exist a uniform velocity. So what about preservation of momentum or energy!

Time is a biological concept. If there are no living beings i.e. an observer the concept of time is not necessary i.e. it is a created or artificial concept. In order for living beings to have a control on events that take places in the universe he has invented the concept of time and simultaneity. Take for instance the concept of relative motion. Consider a universe consisting of three particles A, B and C. Say particle A is moving relative to particle B and an observer C will observe this. This is the situation when an observer is present but there is no necessity of an observer unless particle A strikes particle B (it is assumed that gravitation is non existent) the universe will not care because it will not make any difference. ( it was assumed that there is no gravitation because graviton is also considered as an particle )

With out the concept of time the universe can explain all it’s interactions. Say a super nova exploded some light years ago and now we see it. It is we who will think what is the time actually the nova exploded in our time scale. As far as the universe goes it is satisfied that

( i ) A nova exploded.

( ii ) We saw it.

It is not worried about the instant that the nova exploded and what happened at the place we live at that instant. Since there is no such thing as the same instant, we will always need an agent, a signal to communicate about the instant to a far away place. The process of a signal itself will have lot of instants involved with itself. Therefore it is wrong to use a signal to check simultaneity. A signal is a bundle of photons. The universe can jolly well do without time. But we living beings need it and it is an approximation, therefore not perfect. The universe will only have moments at a particular place. Something happened at some place of the universe say a nova exploded. Why is it necessary for the universe to know what happened all over the universe at that instant. What for! Even gravitons travel at the speed of light what is the necessity of the universe to do better. The concept of same instant; to check this concept we need infinite speed which we don't have. We will have to settle down with the "before and after concept".

Here also the probability will come in. Say we see light from a super nova explosion, well there is a possibility that random light in the universe gave us the same picture as a super nova explosion. So the evidence of an event to be true is subject to a probability. May be when the event is near the probability is high. Therefore not even simultaneity does not exist, one event leads to another may be correct only to an extent within a certain probability.

The kinetic energy of a particle A has nothing to do another independent particle B, nor to any particle in the whole universe. But it will matter to particle C if it is going to strike particle C. Again only after striking we will know for sure that it will strike. Which means only events "striking" will have any material effect on the universe. We don't have to worry about the particles moving around the universe. We will take into account only the interactions.

If the universe will have only interactions we will very simply solve the problem of how an electron will travel through two holes at the same time to give the diffraction patterns. (But how are we going to explain forces of gravitation and electromagnetism, etc). A force can be recognised as a series of events of collisions. Probability will also be involved. When a particle is in free space i.e. initial frame there is a probability of that particle being struck by another particle. Complex probabilities will be involved with the direction of strike and probability of the momentum the striking particle. The density of particles and the temperature of the region (temperature is a measurement of average speed of the particles) will decide the probability. Temperature may be a substitute for time.

Take moon and earth’s movement and try to solve it with out time as a measurement. We may be able to arrive at a probability function (say like the wave function of hydrogen) and we will get that the present orbit as the high probability area. Since time is an artificial measurement that is used to explain to humans the worldly movements it runs into difficulties is certain areas like high velocity movement, movement through a thin aperture etc.. Actually time is a concept arrived at looking at a collection of different moving things. And this concept has limits. So if we have to look deeper into the structure of universe we will have to drop time and look at things with out time, velocity, momentum, kinetic energy, angular momentum (which are derivatives of time). May be we may have to invent new derivatives which do not use time. A good substitute is probability. We can use probability to find out "what is the probability of finding the earth in the suns orbit". We can use temperature, mean free path these will give the average velocity of a set of particles.

The uncertaincy-principle have already shown the weaknesses of time. The necessity of needing an agent to verify say the position of a particle but the action of the agent will change the particle and changes the very measurement you want to measure. The reason why the special relativity and quantum mechanics are not compatible, the quantum mechanics tries to drop time from measurements but special relativity tries to enhance the measurement of time. Special relativity tries to fine tune the concept of time.

(May be there is a connection of speech verses music and time verses non-time. Speech will give micro communication and music gives macro communication. )

The real problem is explaining non-time situations or systems. We can consider the hydrogen molecule or the solar system as potential situations, which can be explained. The hydrogen molecule is very well explained in quantum mechanics, which is a non-time explanation. The problem starts with things like solar system where the items are observable by humans. We use light photons as agents to observe events. The problem does not lie with explaining the solar system, quantum mechanics or some other non-time involved methods. But being humans we can observe systems, with, not so accurate methods. And these do not give very correct answers (electron travelling through two holes at the same time). In the solar system problem a non-time method might be able to give probable paths of the planets. Say a rock falling on earth the parabolic path until the rock strikes the earth can be explained form general relativity. Velocity like time is an artificial measurement.

The universe can be thought of as a collection of arcs of events and the intersection of arcs as events an arc is a series of events where we can establish a connection say one event is after another for e.g. a particle traversing.

Similar to time the concept of distance was a man made thing. The concepts of rigid bodies have led to the concept of distance. The measuring of distance accurately depends on the existence of perfect rigid bodies. The existence of rigid bodies is due to electromagnetic forces. But it is evident that the rigid bodies are not as rigid as thought. They vibrate depending on the temperature. Therefore very accurate distances don’t exist. We can count the number of say atoms lengthwise and when we know the distance between the end points we can divide the distance from the number of atoms and say that the distance between two atoms are the total distance divided by the number of atoms. But is this correct? Because we know that the atoms itself vibrates. Therefore the existence of very small distances are questionable.

Half-life of certain nuclei and the decay of nuclei. The nuclear can be considered to be a collection of a certain number of parts and each part having a velocity similar to an ideal gas in an enclosure. All parts can have different different amounts of energy. To break away say a certain amount of energy should be in a certain amount of parts. And there will be a probability where some parts will have the necessary energy and at that time the particle will disintegrate. By this way it can explain the time interval or a lifetime of a particle. Any way this will not make the time a continuos entity. Also the life of a particle will be varying. But an average time will be there depending on the probability. All the events that happen inside the particle will be independent of the outside environment. The universe can be broken to many different independent spaces and independent spaces inside of those spaces. Certain events like splitting of a particle or emitting of a photon are events that those independent spaces will communicate with the outside space. Say for instance a far away star can be an independent space, which will communicate with us by photons.

The above picture shows the Einstein two frames of references where the light photon is the link between the two frames here all theories of Einstein's will apply.

The next picture is the new version. It takes all material of Frame 1 and Frame 2 together. Every thing is engulfed in one frame.

In the new version all events i.e. movement of free particles, electron jump (when a photon is received in an atom), emission of a photons or absorption of a photon; are all independent events from one to another. There is no simultaneity or a situation where all events are fully sequential. There can be dependent events, which are sequential say, a moving electron from one place to another the second event happens after the first. But the collections of independent particles will all have independent events.

We will have to decide what is an event. Starting of a particle to move, the end of the movement or is it a jump. Then several new problems crop up. How these events will take place for particles of different speeds say from very slow speeds to speed of light. What will happen when an electron of hydrogen atom makes a jump by emitting or absorbing a photon. Are these separate events or happens simultaneously.

The time of the concerned region will be a factor depending on the number of particles involved in the events that takes place in the region. May be, temperature will have some connection with time or it may be a more better way of measuring universal interaction. If we take an ideal region where all particles have a constant speed and they will travel in randomly selected directions it may be seen that the number of events are proportional to the number of particles. Then events of a selected; set in the region (subset of the universal set) will depend on the number of particles in that set. And time, is the events when the general or the universal set is taken into account by using this universal factor, time. We will try to assess the events in the selected set.

The events in a set of particles and occurrence of data records in a computer which record data in bits (and then in bytes) have a similarity. There is a relationship between the data and a set of events that takes places in a set of particles. Then take into account the methods of data compression used in storing the data or compression used in transmitting data. The methods of data compression try to identify the repetition patens and use codes accordingly. Is this not what the time keeping is trying to do, identify repetitions that occur in the events or trying to identify the patens in events.

Consider a cobweb the strings of the web are different paths of events and the intersections are the events. A string is an independent path of events. It interacts or have connections to other paths or strings at intersections i.e. events.

If all possible intersections or events is a finite number; this will be the case if there are only a finite number of particles; a unique number can be used in identifying each independent event. Then in a string or flow of events will be a series of numbers. Time measuring will be checking the receptions of events.

When there are two repeating events A and B. And say A is the faster repeating event and B is the slower repeating event. Then number of events of the A one inside a cycle of B will always be equal to the number of events of A inside the next cycle of B.

This theorem is the one, which leads to the concept of time. It also assumes that there are infinitely smaller repeating events inside each event.

I have said that time is a man made concept. Well we can say it is a concept inside a human brain. And may be we need it to understand the universe. Also may be we never can understand the brain. Because it, may be, a tautology. "Understanding is trying to understand the understanding". Any way it will be very difficult to understand the brain. So will be the time. We’ll know that things do happen in the universe. What we should try to do is to understand the universe without time. For instance think of the big bang. And the time lapsed between it and now. Try to understand it in another way. Say at big bang there was a very high temperature and now it had cooled down to 4 Degrees Centigrade. The difficulty that arises in explaining time and position is due to this artificial concept of "time" created by human brain. May be there was no big bang at all. The concept of time created by us may not be good enough to explain lot of natural phenomenon. It will have limits. The concept of time tries to give a microscopic conception to the macroscopic world. Beyond certain limits it will break down. Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics tries to explain the macroscopic world by microscopic concepts. Special Relativity uses clocks and rods to give meaning to time and space. It tries very hard to retain the concept "time". But Quantum Mechanics is more liberal. It tries to identify the difficulty of the concept "time". But still tries to bridge the gap. May be a new concept is necessary to explain all this.

Since before and after concepts are human (brain) made (or simultaneity is) when you consider events that happens in to different locations simultaneity does not exist. Special Relativity tries to use light signals to have the concept of simultaneity in different locations. But light signals consist of a bundle of light quanta and even if emitted from a single point, it cannot be said, to be emitted simultaneously.

When we observe a particle at one place at one time and at another place at another time we assume that there was a continuos flow and the particle moved continuously from one place to the other. This is an assumption, which will have to be proved. And on the other hand the reason we know that the particle moved is that it was observed moving. But all observations are several different snap shots and not a continuos flow of observations (which is not possible). Even watching by the naked eye will have the same effect. The brain will process the observed information of each position separately though we feel that there is a continuos flow.